8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E
Monumental Agriculture and Urban Planning: Streets and roads: They were built from about 500 BC through the time of the Roman Empire. They provided efficient travel for armies, civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and trade goods. There were a lot of different Roman roads, such as small local roads, and highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. In order to build a road they used a tool called a groma. -Veronica Bailey Period 5
Sewage and the Water System: The Indus valley was known for their water management. Most of the excavations were the cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira. They had really liked water. They prayed to the rivers every day in order to help their civilization. They had well-constructed wells, tanks, public baths, a wide drinking system and a city sewage system. Each city had two regions - a higher ground, which contained the 'Citadel', that was the main administrative area and the lower city where the houses were situated. Everything that was important was situated on the higher ground. The baths and wells were situated there, which means they served as really important necessities. -Veronica Bailey Period 5 http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=town_planning§ion=history/indus&frame=parent
Art and ARTISANSHIP: Sculptures: Sounio Kouros,
Marble, 3m tall, circa 600 B.C.
Found in a pit at the temple of Poseidon at Sounio along with parts of four other destroyed kouroi. -Veronica Bailey Period 5
Paintings: Wallpainting of Queen Nefertari, c. 1298-1235 B.C. This painting from her tomb wall shows a royal name, because there is a cartouche in the painting. It was used to contain a royal name. -Veronica Bailey Period 5
Wallpainting of Queen Nefertari, c. 1298-1235 B.C.
ART AND ARTISANSHIP Elaborate Weaving- The earliest forms of textiles can be dated to around 6000 BCE. People in this time period used animal and plant fibers to form these textiles. They developed forms of weaving fabrics and spinning threat. These jobs were carried out by the women at home while also doing other domestic activities such as taking care of the children.
Linen was commonly used in Egypt around 5000 BCE. "UNIT I: FOUNDATIONS (8000 BCE TO 600 CE)." . N.p.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit1/UNIT I NOTES.htm>. Cristina Carreon Period 5
SYSTEMS OF RECORD KEEPING Cuneiform- This was the first fully developed writing system. It originated in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. This form of writing had wedged characters and originally had about 2000 characters, but was later reduced to about 300. Cuneiform was first developed to record important information such as bushels of barley, heads of cattle, and jars of oil. The last known document recorded in this writing system was written in the first century BCE.
This clay tablet tallying the number of someone’s sheep and goat was found in Tello. German, Senta. "Cuneiform and the Invention of Writing." smart history. Khan Academy. Web. 14 Oct 2013. Cristina Carreon Period 5
Hieroglyphs- Originated in Egypt around 3000 BCE. This was a complex pictorial language. It was only understood by high class people including priests. This written language included thousands of characters. The last known use of this language was around 500 AD.
Pictographs- Records consisting in pictorial symbols. Both Sumerians and Egyptians began recording information with pictographic symbols, but later evolved into more complex forms of writing such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics. This form of recording information began in 3300 BCE in Mesopotamia and in 3200 BCE in Egypt.
Ancient Pictograph found on a cave wall, dated to around 3000 BCE. Fajardo-Acosta, Fidel. "Origins of Writing: From Pictographs to Alphabets ." World Literature Website. N.p., 12 Jan 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/language/origins-writing.htm >. Cristina Carreon Period 5
Alphabets- The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians around 2000 BCE. They created a 22 character system. Each character symbolized a single syllable, rather than a word or group of words. This alphabet later became the basis for the Greek and Roman alphabets. The Greeks alphabet was the first to include vowels. They gave the name “alphabet” for this writing system using the first 2 symbols: Alpha and Beta. The Etruscan people of Italy adopted the alphabet from the Greek around the 7th century BCE and later passed it on to the Romans, who later developed the Latin alphabet.
Phoenician alphabet "Origins of Alphabets." slide share. Slide Share Inc.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.slideshare.net/MikaelaD/origins-of-alphabets>. Cristina Carreon Period
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E
Monumental Agriculture and Urban Planning:
Photo of section of original Roman road.
Streets and roads: They were built from about 500 BC through the time of the Roman Empire. They provided efficient travel for armies, civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and trade goods. There were a lot of different Roman roads, such as small local roads, and highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. In order to build a road they used a tool called a groma.
Sewage and the Water System: The Indus valley was known for their water management. Most of the excavations were the cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira. They had really liked water. They prayed to the rivers every day in order to help their civilization. They had well-constructed wells, tanks, public baths, a wide drinking system and a city sewage system. Each city had two regions - a higher ground, which contained the 'Citadel', that was the main administrative area and the lower city where the houses were situated. Everything that was important was situated on the higher ground. The baths and wells were situated there, which means they served as really important necessities.
ART AND ARTISANSHIP Elaborate Weaving- The earliest forms of textiles can be dated to around 6000 BCE. People in this time period used animal and plant fibers to form these textiles. They developed forms of weaving fabrics and spinning threat. These jobs were carried out by the women at home while also doing other domestic activities such as taking care of the children.
Linen was commonly used in Egypt around 5000 BCE. "UNIT I: FOUNDATIONS (8000 BCE TO 600 CE)." . N.p.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit1/UNIT I NOTES.htm>. Cristina Carreon Period 5
SYSTEMS OF RECORD KEEPING Cuneiform- This was the first fully developed writing system. It originated in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. This form of writing had wedged characters and originally had about 2000 characters, but was later reduced to about 300. Cuneiform was first developed to record important information such as bushels of barley, heads of cattle, and jars of oil. The last known document recorded in this writing system was written in the first century BCE.
This clay tablet tallying the number of someone’s sheep and goat was found in Tello. German, Senta. "Cuneiform and the Invention of Writing." smart history. Khan Academy. Web. 14 Oct 2013. Cristina Carreon Period 5
Hieroglyphs- Originated in Egypt around 3000 BCE. This was a complex pictorial language. It was only understood by high class people including priests. This written language included thousands of characters. The last known use of this language was around 500 AD.
Pictographs- Records consisting in pictorial symbols. Both Sumerians and Egyptians began recording information with pictographic symbols, but later evolved into more complex forms of writing such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics. This form of recording information began in 3300 BCE in Mesopotamia and in 3200 BCE in Egypt.
Ancient Pictograph found on a cave wall, dated to around 3000 BCE. Fajardo-Acosta, Fidel. "Origins of Writing: From Pictographs to Alphabets ." World Literature Website. N.p., 12 Jan 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/language/origins-writing.htm >. Cristina Carreon Period 5
Alphabets- The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians around 2000 BCE. They created a 22 character system. Each character symbolized a single syllable, rather than a word or group of words. This alphabet later became the basis for the Greek and Roman alphabets. The Greeks alphabet was the first to include vowels. They gave the name “alphabet” for this writing system using the first 2 symbols: Alpha and Beta. The Etruscan people of Italy adopted the alphabet from the Greek around the 7th century BCE and later passed it on to the Romans, who later developed the Latin alphabet.
Phoenician alphabet "Origins of Alphabets." slide share. Slide Share Inc.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.slideshare.net/MikaelaD/origins-of-alphabets>. Cristina Carreon Period 5 Systems of Record Keeping: Quipu Quipu was an accounting device based on ropes and knots, used by the Incas in ancient Peru. A single quipu could be several ropes tied together. At its simplest form a “main” cord ties a number of “pendant” cords into a unit, this can be repeated up to four levels deep. The main content of quipus is numbers represented by knots. They can range from no knots, which represents zero to nine knots, which represents nine.
One example of a quipu.
Literature: Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh may be the oldest written story on earth, written between 2700 B.C.E and 600 B.C.E. It is from ancient Sumeria and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script in Akkadian. This epic is about the historical king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, who ruled around 2700 B.C.E. Gilgamesh was widely worshipped, even after his death, dozens of stories about the king circulated through the ancient Middle East. Over time many of those stories were compiled into a large, epic work. It casts strange gods, has an unfamiliar theory about the creation of the universe, asks what price people will pay to be civilized and questions the roles of a proper king, it also acknowledges and scrutinizes the attractions of earthly fame. Most of all, it describes the struggles of the supremely strong man who must reconcile himself to his mortality and find meaning in his life despite the inevitability of death.
Stone statue of Gilgamesh.
Literature: Rig Veda
The Rig Veda is a collection of over 1000 hymns directed to the Hindu gods, and is considered to be one of the foundations of the Hindu religions. Rig is the oldest of the Vedas, the other three are: the Sama Veda “knowledge of chants”, the Yajur Veda “Knowledge of Rites”, and the Athara Veda. When the Vedas were first written down it was in Vedic, and early form of Sanskrit. The Rig Veda was written down my Aryans between 1300 and 1000 B.C.E. These hymns include praises, blessings, sacrifices, and curses; the Rig Veda was a major way in which the Aryans praised their gods. The Hymns are written in poetic form. The Rig Veda was later used in the creation of the caste system because it describes how the god Purusha sacrificed himself to himself, each piece of his body became a different part of society. (Mouth= Brahmin or Priests, Arms=Kshatriyas or Warriors, Thighs= Vaisyas or merchants, farmers, herders and artisans, Feet= sudras or slaves and servants)
Pages from the RIg Veda.
Literature: The Book of the Dead
Known to the Egyptians as Reu nu pert em hru, which translates to The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day, is a collection of magic spells and formulas illustrated and written on papyrus. The deceased would commission this book before their death, and a scribe would fill in the blanks with that person’s name. This collection of funerary chapters began to appear in in Egyptian tombs around 1600 B.C.E, and was intended to be read by the deceased during their journey to the underworld. It was to enable the deceased to overcome obstacles and to not lose their way. This was done by showing them passwords, giving clues, and revealing routes that allowed the deceased to answer questions and navigate around hazards. The book was believed to also grant help and protection from the gods, while also announcing the deceased’s identity to the gods.
The papyrus of Ani is one of the most complete examples of Egytian funerary texts.
Temples
One of the most important temples in Babylonia was Esagila, a temple dedicated to the god Marduk, the tutelary deity of that city. The temple represents centuries of building and rebuilding by Babylonian kings.
King Solomon’s Temple was built around the 10th century B.C.E, it is located atop Mt. Morian in Jerusalem, and is a rectangular structure surrounded by open courtyards. It had to be rebuilt two times due to invaders. It was destroyed in 70 A.D by the Romans.
The White Temple at Uruk is a shrine named in modern times for its white washed mud-brick walls. It is believed to have been dedicated to the sky god Anu, the temple sits on its ziggurat platform 40ft above the ground. It is about 60ft long and was built for rituals in which only a select few acted as intermediaries to the gods.
Monumental Agriculture and Urban Planning:
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_roads.htm
Sewage and the Water System: The Indus valley was known for their water management. Most of the excavations were the cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira. They had really liked water. They prayed to the rivers every day in order to help their civilization. They had well-constructed wells, tanks, public baths, a wide drinking system and a city sewage system. Each city had two regions - a higher ground, which contained the 'Citadel', that was the main administrative area and the lower city where the houses were situated. Everything that was important was situated on the higher ground. The baths and wells were situated there, which means they served as really important necessities. -Veronica Bailey Period 5
http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=town_planning§ion=history/indus&frame=parent
Art and ARTISANSHIP:
Marble, 3m tall, circa 600 B.C.
Found in a pit at the temple of Poseidon at Sounio along with parts of four other destroyed kouroi.
-Veronica Bailey Period 5
https://www.boundless.com/art-history/ancient-egyptian-art/early-dynastic-period/painting-and-sculpture--2/
Paintings: Wallpainting of Queen Nefertari, c. 1298-1235 B.C. This painting from her tomb wall shows a royal name, because there is a cartouche in the painting. It was used to contain a royal name. -Veronica Bailey Period 5
http://www.greeklandscapes.com/greece/athens_museum_archaic.html
ART AND ARTISANSHIP
Elaborate Weaving- The earliest forms of textiles can be dated to around 6000 BCE. People in this time period used animal and plant fibers to form these textiles. They developed forms of weaving fabrics and spinning threat. These jobs were carried out by the women at home while also doing other domestic activities such as taking care of the children.
Linen was commonly used in Egypt around 5000 BCE.
"UNIT I: FOUNDATIONS (8000 BCE TO 600 CE)." . N.p.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit1/UNIT I NOTES.htm>.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
SYSTEMS OF RECORD KEEPING
Cuneiform- This was the first fully developed writing system. It originated in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. This form of writing had wedged characters and originally had about 2000 characters, but was later reduced to about 300. Cuneiform was first developed to record important information such as bushels of barley, heads of cattle, and jars of oil. The last known document recorded in this writing system was written in the first century BCE.
This clay tablet tallying the number of someone’s sheep and goat was found in Tello.
German, Senta. "Cuneiform and the Invention of Writing." smart history. Khan Academy. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Hieroglyphs- Originated in Egypt around 3000 BCE. This was a complex pictorial language. It was only understood by high class people including priests. This written language included thousands of characters. The last known use of this language was around 500 AD.
These Hieroglyphics were found carved on a clay tablet in Egypt.
"History of Hieroglyphics ." . Attic Designs. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/history-of-hieroglyphics.html>.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Pictographs- Records consisting in pictorial symbols. Both Sumerians and Egyptians began recording information with pictographic symbols, but later evolved into more complex forms of writing such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics. This form of recording information began in 3300 BCE in Mesopotamia and in 3200 BCE in Egypt.
Ancient Pictograph found on a cave wall, dated to around 3000 BCE.
Fajardo-Acosta, Fidel. "Origins of Writing: From Pictographs to Alphabets ." World Literature Website. N.p., 12 Jan 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/language/origins-writing.htm >.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Alphabets- The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians around 2000 BCE. They created a 22 character system. Each character symbolized a single syllable, rather than a word or group of words. This alphabet later became the basis for the Greek and Roman alphabets. The Greeks alphabet was the first to include vowels. They gave the name “alphabet” for this writing system using the first 2 symbols: Alpha and Beta. The Etruscan people of Italy adopted the alphabet from the Greek around the 7th century BCE and later passed it on to the Romans, who later developed the Latin alphabet.
Phoenician alphabet
"Origins of Alphabets." slide share. Slide Share Inc.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.slideshare.net/MikaelaD/origins-of-alphabets>.
Cristina Carreon Period
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.EMonumental Agriculture and Urban Planning:
Sewage and the Water System: The Indus valley was known for their water management. Most of the excavations were the cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira. They had really liked water. They prayed to the rivers every day in order to help their civilization. They had well-constructed wells, tanks, public baths, a wide drinking system and a city sewage system. Each city had two regions - a higher ground, which contained the 'Citadel', that was the main administrative area and the lower city where the houses were situated. Everything that was important was situated on the higher ground. The baths and wells were situated there, which means they served as really important necessities.
ART AND ARTISANSHIP
Elaborate Weaving- The earliest forms of textiles can be dated to around 6000 BCE. People in this time period used animal and plant fibers to form these textiles. They developed forms of weaving fabrics and spinning threat. These jobs were carried out by the women at home while also doing other domestic activities such as taking care of the children.
Linen was commonly used in Egypt around 5000 BCE.
"UNIT I: FOUNDATIONS (8000 BCE TO 600 CE)." . N.p.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit1/UNIT I NOTES.htm>.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
SYSTEMS OF RECORD KEEPING
Cuneiform- This was the first fully developed writing system. It originated in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. This form of writing had wedged characters and originally had about 2000 characters, but was later reduced to about 300. Cuneiform was first developed to record important information such as bushels of barley, heads of cattle, and jars of oil. The last known document recorded in this writing system was written in the first century BCE.
This clay tablet tallying the number of someone’s sheep and goat was found in Tello.
German, Senta. "Cuneiform and the Invention of Writing." smart history. Khan Academy. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Hieroglyphs- Originated in Egypt around 3000 BCE. This was a complex pictorial language. It was only understood by high class people including priests. This written language included thousands of characters. The last known use of this language was around 500 AD.
These Hieroglyphics were found carved on a clay tablet in Egypt.
"History of Hieroglyphics ." . Attic Designs. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/history-of-hieroglyphics.html>.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Pictographs- Records consisting in pictorial symbols. Both Sumerians and Egyptians began recording information with pictographic symbols, but later evolved into more complex forms of writing such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics. This form of recording information began in 3300 BCE in Mesopotamia and in 3200 BCE in Egypt.
Ancient Pictograph found on a cave wall, dated to around 3000 BCE.
Fajardo-Acosta, Fidel. "Origins of Writing: From Pictographs to Alphabets ." World Literature Website. N.p., 12 Jan 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/language/origins-writing.htm >.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Alphabets- The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians around 2000 BCE. They created a 22 character system. Each character symbolized a single syllable, rather than a word or group of words. This alphabet later became the basis for the Greek and Roman alphabets. The Greeks alphabet was the first to include vowels. They gave the name “alphabet” for this writing system using the first 2 symbols: Alpha and Beta. The Etruscan people of Italy adopted the alphabet from the Greek around the 7th century BCE and later passed it on to the Romans, who later developed the Latin alphabet.
Phoenician alphabet
"Origins of Alphabets." slide share. Slide Share Inc.. Web. 14 Oct 2013. <http://www.slideshare.net/MikaelaD/origins-of-alphabets>.
Cristina Carreon Period 5
Systems of Record Keeping: Quipu
Quipu was an accounting device based on ropes and knots, used by the Incas in ancient Peru. A single quipu could be several ropes tied together. At its simplest form a “main” cord ties a number of “pendant” cords into a unit, this can be repeated up to four levels deep. The main content of quipus is numbers represented by knots. They can range from no knots, which represents zero to nine knots, which represents nine.
Literature: Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh may be the oldest written story on earth, written between 2700 B.C.E and 600 B.C.E. It is from ancient Sumeria and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script in Akkadian. This epic is about the historical king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, who ruled around 2700 B.C.E. Gilgamesh was widely worshipped, even after his death, dozens of stories about the king circulated through the ancient Middle East. Over time many of those stories were compiled into a large, epic work. It casts strange gods, has an unfamiliar theory about the creation of the universe, asks what price people will pay to be civilized and questions the roles of a proper king, it also acknowledges and scrutinizes the attractions of earthly fame. Most of all, it describes the struggles of the supremely strong man who must reconcile himself to his mortality and find meaning in his life despite the inevitability of death.
Literature: Rig Veda
The Rig Veda is a collection of over 1000 hymns directed to the Hindu gods, and is considered to be one of the foundations of the Hindu religions. Rig is the oldest of the Vedas, the other three are: the Sama Veda “knowledge of chants”, the Yajur Veda “Knowledge of Rites”, and the Athara Veda. When the Vedas were first written down it was in Vedic, and early form of Sanskrit. The Rig Veda was written down my Aryans between 1300 and 1000 B.C.E. These hymns include praises, blessings, sacrifices, and curses; the Rig Veda was a major way in which the Aryans praised their gods. The Hymns are written in poetic form.
The Rig Veda was later used in the creation of the caste system because it describes how the god Purusha sacrificed himself to himself, each piece of his body became a different part of society. (Mouth= Brahmin or Priests, Arms=Kshatriyas or Warriors, Thighs= Vaisyas or merchants, farmers, herders and artisans, Feet= sudras or slaves and servants)
Literature: The Book of the Dead
Known to the Egyptians as Reu nu pert em hru, which translates to The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day, is a collection of magic spells and formulas illustrated and written on papyrus. The deceased would commission this book before their death, and a scribe would fill in the blanks with that person’s name. This collection of funerary chapters began to appear in in Egyptian tombs around 1600 B.C.E, and was intended to be read by the deceased during their journey to the underworld. It was to enable the deceased to overcome obstacles and to not lose their way. This was done by showing them passwords, giving clues, and revealing routes that allowed the deceased to answer questions and navigate around hazards. The book was believed to also grant help and protection from the gods, while also announcing the deceased’s identity to the gods.
Temples
One of the most important temples in Babylonia was Esagila, a temple dedicated to the god Marduk, the tutelary deity of that city. The temple represents centuries of building and rebuilding by Babylonian kings.
King Solomon’s Temple was built around the 10th century B.C.E, it is located atop Mt. Morian in Jerusalem, and is a rectangular structure surrounded by open courtyards. It had to be rebuilt two times due to invaders. It was destroyed in 70 A.D by the Romans.
The White Temple at Uruk is a shrine named in modern times for its white washed mud-brick walls. It is believed to have been dedicated to the sky god Anu, the temple sits on its ziggurat platform 40ft above the ground. It is about 60ft long and was built for rituals in which only a select few acted as intermediaries to the gods.
Carla Viesca pd.5
References:www.ancientscripts.com
www.thenagain.info
www.egyptartsite.com
www.britannica.com
www.icee.usm.edu
www. mhhe.com